The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Greenhouse Gases (CO2Emission) in EKC
محمد مهدی برقی
اسگویی
دانشجوی دورة دکتری اقتصاد دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
author
text
article
2008
per
Trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. On the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. Based on Pollution Haven Hypothesis, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies.
In order to evaluate the effect of trade liberalization on Co2 emission, and to examine the relationship between pollution Haven Hypothesis and Kuznet's Environmental Curve, I employ a panel data method with fixed effect approach to estimate an econometric model for four groups of countries: counters with a high per capita income, with a middle-high per capita income, with middle-low per capita income, and with a low per capita income during the period 1992-2002. Our findings indicate that increasing trade liberalization have a negative effect on the amount of CO2 emission in the high and middle-high income countries. While trade liberalization have a positive effect on the a mount of Co2 emission in the low and middle- low income countries. Such that the Co2 emission elasticity to the export of polluting industries, and to the import of polluting industries, and the trade liberalization index in high-income countries are 0.132, -0.051, and -0.093 respectively.
In the middle-high income countries, they are, 0.033, -0.049, and -0.038 respectively. Similarly, Co2 emission elasticity to the above-mentioned variables in the middle – low income countries is 0.013, -0.134, and 0.019 respectively. Finally in the low-income countries they are 0.007, 0.002, and 0.021 respectively.
JEL Classification: F18, Q56
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26936_9ae335e757fba65f68028e03e2d8d30d.pdf
The Role of the Exchange Reserve Account in the Stability of Government’s Revenues in Iran (Using a CGE Model)
داود
بهبودی
استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه تبریز
author
text
article
2008
per
Plentifulness of oil resources on the one hand, and serious economic challenges in the course of development of the country, on the other hand, makes the optimum use of these resources a considerable issue in achieving the goals of sustainable development.
Iran’s experience in establishing Exchange Reserve Account (ERA) during 2000-2005 indicates that its main function is saving the surplus revenues from oil and as soon as some funds has been accumulated, measures are taken to spend them.
At the same time, continous changes in the laws and regulations to facilitate the use of funds, prevented the effective role for the account.
This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE). Model to examine the impact of economic shocks and government policies on economics. The proposed model is composed of three sections: tradable goods, non-tradable goods and oil-section, which has used three different scenarios to show the effects of oil revenues: Basic, ERA1 and ERA2. The results from the dynamic solution of the model indicates that in the case of temporary shocks of oil prices, the ERA2 leads to the reduction of instability of the government revenues more successfully than the ERA1.
JEL Classification: E62, H27, Q32, C68
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26937_28fa64a253fe65d1d69d1785f743a622.pdf
Estimating the Substitution Elasticities Between Commodity Import, Labor Force and Capital Usage in Iran (Using Translog Cost Function)
سید عبدالمجید
جلائی
دکتری اقتصاد
author
زین العابدین
صادقی
دکتری اقتصاد از دانشگاه اصفهان
author
حسن اعمی بنده
قرائی
دستیار علمی مرکز دانشگاه پیام نور کاشمر
author
text
article
2008
per
در مطالعات انجام شده در زمینة اقتصاد بینالملل، واردات بهعنوان کالای نهائی مصرفی در سبد مصرفی مصرف کننده در نظر گرفته شده است. بر این اساس، تخمین تابع تقاضای واردات واسطهای در صورتی که واردات واسطهای بهعنوان یکی از عوامل تولید در نظر گرفته شود، یک نوآوری محسوب میشود. در این مقاله، با استفاده از لِم شفارد، تابع سهم هر کدام از عوامل تولید از هزینة کل تخمین زده شده و از نتایج این تخمینها کششهای خودی و متقاطع بهدست آمده است. کششهای مورشیما (MES) نیز در این مقاله برآورد شدهاند. با توجه به اینکه کششهای MES بیانکنندة درصد تغییر در نسبت عوامل، در اثر تغییر قیمت یکی از عوامل تولید است، بنابراین به کمک این کششها، شکل بهکارگیری عوامل تولید مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. عوامل تولید مورد نظر در این مقاله شامل، سرمایه، نیروی کار و واردات واسطهای است. نتایج بهدست آمده از برآوردها، حاکی از وجود رابطة جانشینی بین سرمایه، نیروی کار و واردات واسطهای است و بین نیروی کار و واردات واسطهای نیز ارتباط جانشینی برقرار است.
طبقهبندی JEL : F16
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26938_53f694f2f633b7ac7c3f4486a6f8f1fd.pdf
The optimum pattern of Growing Crops in Risky Conditions (Application of Target – Motad, Advanced Motad, linear Grade 2 planning Models). A case study in Arsanjan-Fars
مرتضی حسن
شاهی
عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان و شیراز
author
text
article
2008
per
There are various views about deceision making for the model of growing crops in risky conditions such as: Motad Model, Inome - variance, grade2 planning, inseparable linear planning, and limited extreme risk model, Focus-Loss Model, and Target- motad .
In this study, Target - Motad Model has been used as the optimum pattern of growing crops in Arsanjan. The results have been compared with those of Advanced Motad, linear planning and Grade 2 planning Models. The data have been gatherd from agriclture firms and Arsanjan Jahad cultivation Management for the years 1378 – 1384.
After the estimation of about 60 optimum models risk of various objectives were determined.
Using regression analysis, the corre laxion between output and risk was calculated. The results show that there is positive correlation between them. Increase in risk causes incrase in product of wheat and tomatoes and decrease in product of corn.
JEL Classification: E12
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26939_d895f1711a0e3c5c7bc15c3876d7dc4b.pdf
Comparative Analysis of the Factor Productivity in Iran's Large Manufacturing
حسن
سبحانی
دانشیار دانشکده اقتصاد دانشگاه تهران
author
حمید عزیز
محمدلو
دانشجوی دکتری علوم اقتصادی دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2008
per
The main objective of this study is to investigate the production factors productivity in large manufacturing sub-sectors. For this purpose, using statistical data for period 1972-2004, we have tried to study and analyze the trend and level of production factors productivity (partial and total productivity) in each sub-sectors classified according to ISIC two digits code. The average and marginal productivity indices have been used for evaluation of partial factors productivity. The total factors productivity (TFP) is estimated via the production functions approach
The findings are indicative of relatively good status of partial factors productivity in manufacturing of chemical products and manufacturing of basic metals in comparison with other sub-sectors. But the status of partial factors productivity in other sub-sectors specially in manufacturing of textile, wearing apparel and leather product and manufacturing of wood and products of wood seems to be fatal. The study of TFP using estimation of production functions of large manufacturing sub-sectors reveals that the largest rate TFP growth is respectively related to the manufacturing of machinery, equipment, and metal instruments and products, manufacturing of basic metals and manufacturing of chemical products. As for the other sub-sectors, TFP growth rate is not statistically different from zero. The findings also indicate that the events like war, revolution and sanctions have negatively affected TFP growth rate in the manufacturing sub-sectors
JEL Classification: O47
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26940_8603c5e39a9e3f9ef072a2b47bcc3635.pdf
External Costs of Electricity Generation in Iran: Case study: SO2 and NO2 Emissions from Shahid Rajai Power Plant
مهدی
صادقی
استاد یار دانشکدة اقتصاد، دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
author
معصومه
ترکی
استاد یار دانشکدة اقتصاد، دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
author
text
article
2008
per
Many reports that appeared during the last 20 years have shown that atmospheric pollution causes serious damage to human health and to environment. Electricity generation from fuel fossil is one of the major sources of pollution and considerable share of this damage.
The price of electricity in Iran, as in many other countries also, includes only the production of private costs and ignores any other external economic effects.
In this research, the external costs of SO2 and NO2 emissions have been calculated for Shahid Rajaii Power Plant.
Shahid Rajaii Power Plant is located at Tehran – Gavin free way. The system of Shahid Rajaii almost depends upon fuel oil, gas oil and natural gas. It's total capacity is almost 2000 MW. The system is based on fire Power Plant which consists of 13 units. There are 4 steam turbines with 1000 MW capacity, 6 gas turbines with 640 MW and 3 steam units with 375 MW.
In this paper, the external costs have been accounted for unit steam of power plant. The SO2 and NO2 emissions were compared with international standard of ambient air on four seasons, and in two conditions of Normal and Maximum load. The resulting external costs of SO2 and NO2 emissions were achieved about 444.226, 276.069 Ris/kWh.The results shows that the external costs of SO2 emission is highest due to high usage of fuel oil.
JEL classification: F18
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26941_f648002f7b276cf57fbfb7ba18c6ee42.pdf
Financial Development and Economic Growth: Comparing OPEC and Non-OIL Developing Countries With using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)
unknown
author
text
article
2008
per
Capital market is one of the most important sectors of every economy. Economic growth can lead to capital market boom and development, on the other hand, achieving desired economic growth and development is impossible without efficient financial institution and suitable funding resources. In this study the relationship between financial development and economic growth in OPEC countries and non-oil-developing countries is investigated and compared. The survey is done by using the GMM estimator based on Dynamic panel data model within the years 1990-2004. The results of this estimation indicates that financial development in OPEC countries due to oil revenues and inefficiency of financial institutions in raising financial resources. has a negative effect on the economic growth of the OPEC countries. The effect of financial development on capital accumulation is also negative in these countries.
JEL classification: E44، Q32
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26942_35999de6db3a79b7cba3bc94441e74de.pdf
Estimation of the Long Run Relationship between Nominal Interest Rates and Inflation Rate in Iran
اکبر
کمیجانی
استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد دانشگاه تهران
author
دومان بهرامی
راد
دانشجوی دکتری دانشکدة اقتصاد دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2008
per
The Bank Profit Rates Reduction Law is enacted and put into action, while the main rationale of its designers is that putting this law into action will result in lower inflation rate. On the other hand, the critics of this law believe that the main condition for reducing bank profit rates is the reduction of inflation rate and hence adjusting inflationary expectations which will provide reduction in profit rates. Implicit assumption under the critics' rationale is the veracity of "fisher effect" theory referred to "Irving Fisher". According to this theory, in the long run, a reduction in inflation rate will result in a reduction in nominal profit rates. The main purpose of the this article is to examine two hypotheses of research, and test the veracity of this rationale that in the long run, the lower inflation rate is the reason of parallel decline in nominal profit rates. This research is faced with the limitation of appropriate data for nominal profit rates in Iran. As a result, in order to reach this goal, "Johansen" Cointegration test and "Granger " causality test are used in five scenarios with different substitutive variables for nominal profit rates.
The results confirm the hypotheses of research and illustrate that in case of Iran's economy like many other developed or under- developing countries, long run changes in nominal profit rates can be explained by changes in inflation rate.
Finally, according to these results, appropriate policy implications are proposed in response to research questions.
JEL Classification: P24, E43, E58
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26943_54025c3b20c9f3ce4233109eb28991c7.pdf
Spatial Analysis of Urban Development in Iran (City Sizes Growth)
شکوفه
فرهمند
استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه اصفهان
author
علی
عسگری
استادیار دانشگاه یورک کانادا
author
مرتضی
سامتی
دانشیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه اصفهان
author
text
article
2008
per
Almost all countries have faced the urbanization. In the long run, changes in the production technology have caused migration from rural to urban areas. Existing cities have grown and new ones have been created. This is named as “urban development” in the urban literature. Cites are created because of economies of scale in production and consumption. There are different cities with different sizes in an urban system which produces different goods and services.
There are different factors affecting the urban development among them economic ones are important. This paper surveys the impact of economic factors on city size growth through Henderson’s urban development models. These models are specified in spatial panel data models and are estimated for 1966-96 for Iran’s urban system. Hence, contiguity effects are entered in the models by spatial econometric techniques.
The results show that considered factors have affected city sizes growth in Iran, and contiguity and neighboring effects have had important role in Iran’s city sizes growth.
JEL Classification: R12, C31
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26944_32b14a7fe0cf8888bdbab555a3f5de3d.pdf
The Effect of Education on Poverty and Income Inequality
وحید
مهربانی
دانشجوی مقطع دکتری علوم اقتصادی دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2008
per
We study the effect of education and its expenditures, especially in higher education, on poverty and income inequality. Using the Keynesian approach it is shown that education, from the theoretical point of view, lowers poverty and income inequality level. In an empirical work we, used the data including 111 observations from 91 countries, with different human development levels, and concluded that the net enrolment rate in secondary schools has inversely and significantly affected the poverty and income inequality. Also education expenditures as percent of GNP has significantly decreased the level of poverty and income inequality. Another result of this research is that the negative effect of higher education expenditures on poverty and income inequality is greater than the effect of education expenditures in primary and secondary schools.
JEL Classification: D63-H52- I21
Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi)
University of Tehran
0039-8969
43
v.
1
no.
2008
https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_26945_ba140fc58ff73390827d758fdb848742.pdf