https://jte.ut.ac.ir/ Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi) en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_104396.html The allocation method of banking operations profit constitutes one of the most significant differences between interest-free banking and conventional banking. The framework for this allocation is defined in the Law on Interest-Free Banking Operations, the executive bylaw of Chapter II of the Law, and ultimately, in the Instruction on the Allocation of Joint Revenues of banks approved by the Money and Credit Council. This article, after explaining the model envisaged by the legislator and its developments in the aforementioned regulations, first seeks to demonstrate that, according to the Law on Interest-Free Banking Operations and the standards of Islamic banking (AAOIFI), profits arising from non-performing loans (including provisions and revenues from penalty charges) must be classified as joint profits, while the Central Bank’s instruction classifies provisions as non-joint. In the next step, based on financial statement data published by banks, the financial scale, including provisions for doubtful receivables as joint revenues are identified, and the adjusted final profit is compared with the commonly reported final profit in Iran’s banking network. Another finding extracted from the review of financial statements is that, in all years under study since 1397, the administrative profit rate determined by the Central Bank has been the only factor in the profit paid to depositors, rather than the realized joint revenues or costs of banks. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_104955.html Financial development is a key factor in enhancing the economic dynamics of countries, while energy diversification is an important component in ensuring a sustainable energy supply and reducing dependence on fossil fuel resources. This study examines the threshold role of economic growth in the impact of financial development, oil rent, and industrialization on energy diversification in Iran using data from 1980 to 2022 and the Threshold Autoregression (TAR) method. The results indicate that the effects of these variables on energy diversification depend on the economic growth threshold (per capita income of $3,704) in two distinct regimes. In the first regime, where economic growth is below the threshold, oil rent has a positive effect, whereas financial development and industrialization negatively influence energy diversification. In the second regime, where economic growth surpasses the threshold, the negative effect of industrialization diminishes, and financial development has a significant positive impact on energy diversification. These findings suggest that improving economic conditions alongside the simultaneous development of financial systems can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and enhance the diversification of energy sources in the country. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_105345.html The impact of taxes on corporate production is not limited to the rate and amount of tax collected from them. Rather, the manner in which taxes are collected within the framework of a tax environment and through tax actions is also important. The simpler and more transparent this environment is, and the less costly and more effective tax actions are, the less costly and frictional the government’s tax revenues will be, and the less disrupted the companies’ production activities will be. Therefore, to examine this important issue in the tax collection process in Iran, the tax files of 54 member companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange from six industries, namely petrochemicals, detergents, basic metals, pharmaceuticals, food, and automobiles, were examined during the years 2006 to 2011. The results of the study show that tax actions created in the litigation process, which are the result of the company's efforts to reduce the tax authority's tax assessment and bring the final tax closer to the company's declared tax, as well as tax complexities, have had a significant and adverse effect on the total production of the companies studied. However, the results in the petrochemical and basic metals industries have been somewhat different. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_105346.html Employment, as one of the basic foundations of economic and social development, plays a key role in improving the standard of living, reducing poverty, and enhancing social and political stability. However, in recent years, rapid technological development and structural changes in the global economy have created barriers to creating sustainable employment. These developments underlined the need to examine more closely the factors affecting employment. This study, which uses a knowledge-based approach, examines the impact of the knowledge components on employment in selected developed and developing countries over the period 2011-2022. The results of the study show that the role of knowledge, particularly in innovation, technology transfer, and improving labour productivity, is of major importance in boosting employment. Country-by-country comparisons highlight the importance of targeted policy making and investment in knowledge-based areas. The findings show that the estimated coefficient of the variables of domestic R&D accumulation, physical capital, and economic freedom in selected developed and developing countries was positive and significant, but that the estimated coefficient of the variable of external R&D spillover had a positive and negligible impact on employment in the countries studied. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_105344.html The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of exchange rate regimes on inflation, focusing on the role of liquidity growth, global Brent oil price fluctuations, and government spending. DPMR used data from 1383Q1 to 1402Q4. The model identified five structured clusters, in each of which the magnitude and direction of the variables' impact on inflation differed. The within-regime variance ranges from very low (stable regime) to very high (unstable regime). The regimes are: oil-driven with high inflation (oil shocks as the main driver, neutral domestic policy); stable with controlled oil effect (fiscal discipline and effective exchange rate stabilization); unstable with simultaneous oil and government effect (structural crisis, rising inflation); domestic demand-driven inflation (government spending pressure, oil ineffective); Deflation/stagflation (reverse effects of money and spending, deflationary stagnation). The findings also show that oil price fluctuations are the most stable and powerful inflation driver, with strong and positive effects even in stable regimes. Liquidity growth has a positive but scattered effect; the negative median and high inter-cluster variation indicate instability of the money-inflation relationship. In neutral or reverse crisis regimes, it acts as a deflationary in a recessionary regime. This heterogeneity necessitates context-based monetary policy. Government spending has a dual function: controlling inflation in oil-driven and recessionary regimes (1, 2, and 5) through price stabilization; and stimulating inflation in crisis and demand-driven regimes (3, 4) through pressure on aggregate demand. This structural heterogeneity rejects fixed causal relationships and emphasizes the contextuality of policymaking. The policy implication strongly suggests that a single prescription for containing inflation is ineffective, and policymakers should act regime-oriented. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_105448.html Given the environmental challenges and developmental disparities across various regions of Iran, identifying the factors influencing local sustainable development and understanding its spatial dynamics has gained particular importance. This study examines the role of environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local fiscal policies in improving the sustainable development index across the country’s provinces. Seasonal data from 31 Iranian provinces over the period 2006–2024 were collected and analyzed using spatial econometric methods and a spatial weight matrix based on inverse geographic distances. Spatial lag (SAR) and spatial Durbin (SDM) regression models were estimated to assess the spatial effects of the variables. The results of the SDM model indicate that the number of environmental NGOs (coefficient 0.291) and current government expenditures on environmental affairs (coefficient 0.198) both have positive and significant effects on local sustainable development. Moreover, their interaction effect (coefficient 0.112) was also positive and significant. The spatial dependence coefficient in this model was estimated at 0.318. Similarly, in the SAR model, the coefficients for the number of NGOs (0.273), government spending (0.181), and their interaction term (0.105) were all positive and significant. The spatial lag coefficient in this model was 0.301. Control variables, including literacy rates and urbanization, showed positive and significant effects, while the unemployment rate had a negative and significant impact on sustainable development. These findings demonstrate that strengthening environmental NGOs and targeted financial support play a key role in enhancing sustainable development, and that coordinated regional policies can substantially increase the effectiveness of development planning. https://jte.ut.ac.ir/article_105442.html This study was conducted to examine the manifestations of corporate welfare in the domain of export support, its modes of financing, the objectives pursued, and its trajectory during the eighth to twelfth administrations. The research methodology was grounded in documentary analysis, complemented by thematic analysis and qualitative content analysis. The study population comprised all resolutions of the Supreme Council for Non-Oil Exports over a twenty-year period (2001–2021). The findings demonstrate that the main forms of support included the granting of export rewards, transport subsidies, risk coverage, the provision of loans, diplomatic support, and exhibition subsidies, which were predominantly financed through allocations from the public budget. These measures were extended without explicit objectives, on an unconditional basis, and without imposing any commitments on beneficiaries. Moreover, neither specific goods nor particular markets were prioritized, and no reference was made to a comprehensive export strategy or a coherent industrial policy. Over the twenty years examined, the forms of support remained largely unchanged, and their repetition across different governments was not based on any evaluation of whether previous measures had been effective.