Investigating Relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Ecological Footprint as an Environmental Degradation Index

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Economics Department, Urmia University

2 M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics, Urmia University

Abstract

The ecological footprint is a useful tool that we can use it to inform the public about the pressure on ecology and the environment. Also, by measuring it, policymakers can design and implement the necessary programs to help reduce that pressure. In order to measure the potential impact of future activities and policies of development programs on the environment, it is necessary to study the short and long term relationship between ecological footprint and economic development. The purpose of this study was to investigate short-term and long-term relationship between per capita GDP and per capita ecological footprint in Iran for the period of 1965-2011; to do this the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was used. The results show that the increase in per capita GDP has positive impact on per capita ecological footprint both in short-term and long-term. The error correction coefficient that obtained from the estimation of Error Correction Model shows that 73 percent of disequilibrium in per capita ecological footprint adjusted after each period and goes close to its long-term trend.

Keywords


حسینی‌نسب، ابراهیم و پایکاری، سمیه (1391). بررسی تأثیر رشد اقتصادی و آزادسازی تجاری بر آلودگی محیط‌ زیست، دوماهنامة بررسیمسائلوسیاست‌هایاقتصادی، 9 و 10، 61 ـ 82.
سلیمی‌فر، مصطفی و دهنوی، جلال (1388). مقایسة منحنی زیست‌محیطی کوزنتس در کشورهای عضو OECD و کشورهای در حال توسعه: تحلیل مبتنی بر داده‌های پانل، مجلة دانشوتوسعه، 17(29)، 181 ـ 200.
صادقی، سمیه و صادقی، ثریا (1392). پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی رشد اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی: شواهدی از کشورهای در حال توسعه، فصلنامة پژوهشهایبازرگانی، 70، 77 ـ 92.
صرافی، مظفر (1379). شهر پایدار چیست؟، فصلنامة مدیریتشهری، 4، 6 ـ 10.
مولایی، مرتضی، کاوسی کلاشمی، محمد و رفیعی، حامد (1389). بررسی رابطة هم‌جمعی درآمد سرانه و انتشار سرانة دی‌اکسید کربن و وجود منحنی کوزنتس زیست‌محیطی دی‌اکسید کربن در ایران، علوممحیطی، 8(1)، 205 ـ 216.
مهرآرا، محسن، امیری، حسین و حسنی سرخ‌بوزی، محمد (1391). رابطة مصرف انرژی و درآمد: آزمون فرضیة زیست‌محیطی کوزنتس با استفاده از رویکرد مدل‌های رگرسیونی انتقال ملایم پانل، فصلنامة پژوهش‌هاوسیاست‌هایاقتصادی، 62، 171 ـ 194.
Bagliani, M., Bravo, G. & Dalmazzone, S. (2008). A Consumption-Based Approach to Environmental Kuznets Curves Using the Ecological Footprint Indicator, Ecological Economics, 65, 650-651.
Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic Growth and the Environment: Whose Growth? Whose Environment?, World Development, 20 (4), 481-496.
Bicknell, K.B., Ball, R.J., Cullen, R. & Bigsby, H.R. (1998). New Methodology for the Ecological Footprint with an Application to New Zealand Economy, Ecological Economics, 27, 149-160.
Boutaud, A., Gondran, N. & Brodhag, C. (2004). Local Environmental Quality Versus (Global) Ecological Carrying Capacity: What Might Alternative Aggregated Indicators Bring to the Debates about Environmental Kuznets Curves and Sustainable Development?, International Journal of Sustainable Development, 9, 297-310.
Caviglia-Harris, J., Chambers, D. & Kahn, J. (2009). Taking the "U" Out of Kuznets, A Comprehensive Analysis of the EKC and Environmental Degradation, Ecological Economics, 4, 1149-1159.
DeFries, R.S., Foley, J.A. & Asner, G.P. (2004). Land-Use Choices: Balancing Human Needs and 558 Ecosystem Function, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(5), 249-257.
Eugene, A.R., Andreas, D., Thomas, D. & Carlo, J. (2010). Human Footprints on the Global Environment: Threats to Sustainability, MIT Press, United States of America.
Greene, W.H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7ed), Prentice Hall Publishing, New York, USA.
Hammond, G. (2005). People, Planet and Prosperity: the Determinants of Humanity Environmental Footprint, Natural Resources Forum.
Hervieux, M.S. & Darné, O. (2014). Production and consumption-based approaches for the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Latin America using ecological footprint, Document de Travail Working Paper, Lemana, EA 4272, www.univ-nantes.fr/iemn-iae/recherche.
Kearsley, A. & Riddel, M. (2010). A Further Inquiry into the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Ecological Economics, 69(4), 905-919.
Khan–Ashfaque, H. (1997). Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan Exports, The Pakistan Development Review, 30(4), 865-877.
Liu, X.Z., Heilig, G.K., Chen, J.M. & Heino, M. (2007). Interactions between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Shenzhen, China’s First Special Economic Zone, Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 559-570.
Mansur, A. Masih, M. & Masih, R. (2002). Propagative Causal Price Transmission among International Stock Markets: Evidence from the Pre-and Post-Globalization Period, Global Finance Journal, 13, 63-91.
McPherson, M.A. & Nieswiadomy, M.L. (2005). Environmental Kuznets Curve: Threatened Species and Spatial Effects, Ecological Economics, 55(3), 395-407.
Monfreda, C., Wackernagel, M. & Deumling, D. (2004). Establishing National Natural Capital Accounts Based on Detailed Ecological Footprint and Biological Capacity Assessments, Land Use Policy, 21, 231-246.
Nijkamp, P., Rossi, E. & Vindigni, G. (2004). Ecological Footprints in Plural: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Empirical Results, Regional Studies, 38, 747-765.
Ouattara, B. (2004). Foreign Aid and Fiscal Policy in Senegal, Mimeo University of Manchester.
Parkin, S. (2000). Sustainable Development: the Concept and the Practical Challenge, Proceedings of the ICE – Civil Engineering, 138(6), 3-8.
Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
Rees, W.E. (2006). Ecological Footprints and Bio-Capacity: Essential Elements in Sustainability Assessment, Chapter 9 in Jo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove (eds.), Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment, pp. 143-158, Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
Romero-Avila, D. (2008). Questioning the Empirical Basis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2: New Evidence from a Panel Stationarity Test Robust to Multiple Breaks and Cross-Dependence, Ecological Economics, 64(3), 559-574.
Rothman, D. (1998). Environmental Kuznets Curves – Real Progress or Passing the Buck? A Case for Consumption-Based Approaches, Ecological Economics, 25(2), 177-194.
Shahbaz Akmal, M. (2007). Stock Returns and Inflation: An ARDL Econometric Investigation Utilizing Pakistani Data, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 45( 1), 89-105.
Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Bello, P., Callejas Linares, A., Lopez Warren-Rhodes, K., Sadovy, Y. & Cesar, H. (2003). Marine Ecosystem Appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: A Case Study of the Live Reef Fish Food Trade,Ambio, 32(7), 481-488.
Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W. (1996).Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth, Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L., Linares, C.L., Falfán, I.S.L., Garcia, J.M., Guerrero, A.I.S. & Guerrero, M.G.S. (1997). Ecological Footprints of Nations: How Much Nature Do They Use? How Much Nature Do They Have?, Commissioned by the Earth Council for the Rio+5 Forum, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Toronto.
Wang, Y., Kang, L., Wu, X. & Xiao, Y. (2013). Estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint at the Global Level: A Spatial Econometric Approach, Ecological Indicators, 34, 15-21.
Wiedmann, T., Minx, J., Barret, J. & Wackernagel, M. (2006). Allocating Ecological Footprints to Final Consumtion Categories with Input-Output Analysis, Ecological Economics, 56, 28-48.