تحلیل اشکال و ویژگی‌های رفاه شرکتی در مصوبات شورای عالی توسعه صادرات غیرنفتی (1400-1380)

کریم‌خانی, میثم; تاج‌مزینانی, علی‌اکبر

doi:10.22059/jte.2026.397784.1009016

تحلیل اشکال و ویژگی‌های رفاه شرکتی در مصوبات شورای عالی توسعه صادرات غیرنفتی (1400-1380)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jte.2026.397784.1009016

چکیده

رفاه شرکتی به مجموعه‌ای از سیاست‌ها، حمایت‌ها و امتیازهای دولتی گفته می‌شود که به‌طور مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم به‌نفع برخی از شرکت‌ها اعمال می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ابعاد رفاه شرکتی در حوزه حمایت از صادرات، شیوه‌های تأمین مالی، اهداف موردنظر و روند تحولات آن طی دولت‌های هشتم تا دوازدهم انجام شد. روش تحقیق برپایه‌ روش تحلیل اسنادی و تکنیک تحلیل مضمون و تحلیل محتوای کیفی بود. جامعه تحقیق، شامل تمامی مصوبات شورای عالی توسعه صادرات غیرنفتی در بازه‌ای بیست‌ساله (از 1380 تا 1400) است. نتایج نشان داد که مهم‌ترین اشکال حمایت عبارتند از: اعطای جوایز صادراتی، یارانه حمل‌ونقل، پوشش ریسک، اعطای تسهیلات، حمایت دیپلماتیک و یارانه نمایشگاهی که عمدتا از محل بودجه عمومی کشور تأمین مالی می‌شوند. حمایت‌ها بدون هدف‌گذاری مشخص و به صورت نامشروط ارائه شده و از گیرندگان هیچ تعهدی خواسته نشده است. همچنین در مصوبات، کالا یا بازار خاصی هدف‌گیری نشده و نشانی از یک برنامه جامع یا سیاست صنعتی منسجم مشاهده نمی‌شود. در یک دوره بیست‌ساله، تغییر چشم‌گیری در اشکال حمایت رخ نداده و تکرار اعطای کمک‌ها در دوره‌های مختلف مستند به ارزیابی اثربخشی کمک‌های پیشین نیست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

ارتباطات با صادرات

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of the Forms and Characteristics of Corporate Welfare in the Resolutions of Iran’s High Council for the Development of Non-Oil Exports (2001–2021)

نویسندگان [English]

Meisam Karimkhani
Ali Akbar Tajmazinani

Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

This study was conducted to examine the manifestations of corporate welfare in the domain of export support, its modes of financing, the objectives pursued, and its trajectory during the eighth to twelfth administrations. The research methodology was grounded in documentary analysis, complemented by thematic analysis and qualitative content analysis. The study population comprised all resolutions of the Supreme Council for Non-Oil Exports over a twenty-year period (2001–2021). The findings demonstrate that the main forms of support included the granting of export rewards, transport subsidies, risk coverage, the provision of loans, diplomatic support, and exhibition subsidies, which were predominantly financed through allocations from the public budget. These measures were extended without explicit objectives, on an unconditional basis, and without imposing any commitments on beneficiaries. Moreover, neither specific goods nor particular markets were prioritized, and no reference was made to a comprehensive export strategy or a coherent industrial policy. Over the twenty years examined, the forms of support remained largely unchanged, and their repetition across different governments was not based on any evaluation of whether previous measures had been effective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Corporate Welfare
Corporate Welfare State
Social-Corporate Welfare State
Support Policies

مراجع

Agora, E. (2015). Understanding the Energiewende: FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System. Retrieved from https://www.agora-energiewende.org/publications/understanding-the-energiewende-2.

Alini, E., & Ahmadvand, S. (2024). The inefficiency of the government and its effect on the structure of the private sector in Iran (Case study: 1979 - 2005 time period). Social Development & Welfare Planning, 15(58), 193-244. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2023.73969.2490. [In Persian]

Angresano, J. (2016). A Corporate Welfare Economy. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/A-Corporate-Welfare-Economy/Angresano/p/book/9780415858373.

Aobdia, D., Koester, A., & Petacchi, R. (2024). Political connections and U.S. state government resource allocation effectiveness. The Journal of Law and Economics, 67(3), 639-689. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3127038.

Ashtarian, K., Semnanian, S., & Jalili, M. (2020). Damages and corruption in the country's pharmaceutical system. Center for Strategic Studies of the Presidential Office. Retrieved from https://discuss.tp4.ir/t/topic/2829/2?u=sanaei. [In Persian]

Barlett, D. L., & Steele, J. B. (1998). Corporate Welfare: Corporate Welfare. TIME Magazine, November 09, Retrieved from https://time.com/archive/6733918/corporate-welfare-corporate-welfare/.

Bashirimanesh, N., & Dehghani, Z. (2021). The effect of government support on innovation and social responsibility management. Innovation Management, 10(1), 45-74. Retrieved from https://doi.org/20.1001.1.23225386.1399.9.4.3.7. [In Persian]

Brandão-Marques, L., & Toprak, H. H. (2024). A Bitter Aftertaste: How State Aid Affects Recipient Firms and Their Competitors in Europe. IMF Working Paper, 2024/250, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400295706.001.

Bulfone, F., Ergen, T., & Kalaitzake, M. (2022). No strings attached: Corporate welfare, state intervention, and the issue of conditionality. Competition & Change, 27(2), 253–276. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/10245294221101145.

Davoudi, M. (2024). Social Citizenship and the Right to Health: An Introduction to the Effects of Adjustment and Privatization Policies on the Health Sector in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 10(4), 127-140. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2024.99830. [In Persian]

Dawkins, C. E. (2002). Corporate Welfare, Corporate Citizenship, and the Question of Accountability. Business & Society, 41(3), 269-291. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650302041003002.

De Rugy, V., & DeHaven, T. (2020). Corporate welfare: Beyond the budgetary cost (Policy Brief). Retrieved from https://www.mercatus.org/research/policy-briefs/corporate-welfare-beyond-budgetary-cost.

Dong, Q., Raghunandan, A., & Rajgopal, S. (2024). When do firms deliver on the jobs they promise in return for state aid? Review of Accounting Studies, 29, 3633–3678. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-023-09804-6.

Edwards, C. (2017). Special-Interest Spending and Corporate Welfare. In Cato Institute (8^th Ed.), Cato Handbook for Policymakers (543-549). Retreived from https://www.cato.org/cato-handbook-policymakers/cato-handbook-policy-makers-8th-edition-2017/54-special-interest-spending-corporate#corporate-welfare.

Edwards, C. (2025). Corporate welfare in the federal budget. Policy Analysis, 990, Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/corporate-welfare-federal-budget-0.

---------- (2024). Corporate Welfare Breeds Corruption. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/blog/corporate-welfare-breeds-corruption?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

European Commission. (2024). State aid Scoreboard 2023. European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_952.

Farnsworth, K. (2023). Corporate tax and corporate welfare. In A. Lymer, M. May, and A. Sinfield, Taxation and Social Policy (219–237). Bristol: Bristol University Press.

---------- (2021). Business and the (corporate) welfare state. In A. Kellow, T. Porter, and K. Ronit, Handbook of Business and Public Policy (278–297). London: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

---------- (2013a). Bringing Corporate Welfare In. Journal of Social Policy, 42(1), 1-22. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279412000761.

---------- (2013b). The British corporate welfare state. Renewal, 21(4), 52–60.

---------- (2012). Social versus corporate welfare: Competing needs and interests within the welfare state. Bristol: Policy Press.

Garland, D. (2014). The Welfare State: A Fundamental Dimension of Modern Government. European Journal of Sociology, 55(3), 327-364. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975614000162.

Goldberg, P. K., Juhász, R., Lane, N. J., Lo Forte, G., & Thurk, J. (2024). Industrial policy in the global semiconductor sector. NBER Working Paper, 32651, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3386/w32651.

Harris, J. (2024). Corporate Welfare: An Unfair Policy With a Failed Track Record: North Carolina ranks among the top states in terms of corporate welfare handouts. Retrieved from https://www.johnlocke.org/corporate-welfare-an-unfair-policy-with-a-failed-track-record/.

Heirani, H., Bagheri Moghadam, N., & Mosayebi, A. (2022). Factors Increasing the Local Content and its Achievements in the Industrial Development of Countries: Systematic Literature Review. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 8(2), 161-171. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2022.87995. [In Persian]

Hohman, J. M. (2024). Corporate subsidies are out of control. Retrieved from https://www.mackinac.org/blog/2024/corporate-subsidies-are-out-of-control.

Karimkhani, M., & Tajmazinani, A. A. (2025). Analysis of the Types and Characteristics of Corporate Welfare in the Legislation of Iran’s Parliament (1997-2021). Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 11(3), 28-51. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2025.103594. [In Persian]

Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. London: SAGE Publications.

Mintz, J. (2024). Corporate welfare shrinks the economy. Retrieved from https://financialpost.com/opinion/corporate-welfare-shrinks-the-economy#:~:text=Third%20most%2Dsubsidized%20were%20%E2%80%9Creligious,rate%20of%20return%20on%20equity.&text=Agriculture%2C%20fishing%20and%20forestry%20had,per%20cent%20of%20their%20profits.

Moghaddasi, F., Mirzaei, H., Omidi, R., & Hashemi, Z. (2024). Progressive privatization: Analyzing the education policy process in Iran. Sociological Review, 30(2), 59-89. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jsr.2024.354318.1835. [In Persian]

Mohammad Hashemi, Z., Ghazinoory, S., Sajadifar, M., Sahebkar Khorasani, M., & Moussavi, A. (2019). Evaluating Effectiveness of Governmental Supports from Knowledge-Based Biotechnology Firms. Modares Journal of Biotechnology, 10(4), 681-697. Retrieved from http://biot.modares.ac.ir/files/biot/user_files_749497/zhashemi2011-A-10-48311-3-e34fff3.pdf [In Persian]

Moore, S. D. (1999). Welfare for the Well-Off: How Business Subsidies Fleece Taxpayers. Retrieved from https://www.hoover.org/research/welfare-well-how-business-subsidies-fleece-taxpayers?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

Nader, R. (2000). Cutting Corporate Welfare (1^st Ed.). New York: Seven Stories Press.

Offe, C. (1984). 'Crises of crisis management': elements of a political crisis theory. In C. Offe and J. Keane (Ed.), Contradictions of the welfare state. London: Hutchinson.

Olson, P., & Champlin, D. (1998). Ending Corporate Welfare as We Know It: An Institutional Analysis of the Dual Structure of Welfare. Journal of Economic Issues, 32(3), 759-771. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1998.11506078.

Panahi, S., Najafi Elmi, M., & Aziznejad, S. (2020). On the production leap: 5. Challenges and strategies for developing non-oil exports. Economic Research Department. Tehran: Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Retrieved from https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1606946. [In Persian]

Pierson, P. (1996). The New Politics of the Welfare State. World Politics, 48(2), 143-179.

Raghunandan, A. (2024). Government Subsidies and Corporate Misconduct. Journal of Accounting Research, 62(4), 1449-1496. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12553.

Rahimzade, M., Zakeri, A., & Parsanejad, M. (2023). Evaluating the effect of export development programs on entering international markets and increasing the exports of knowledge-based companies. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 13(48), 104-140. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22034/sspp.2023.1995961.3401. [In Persian]

Rattner, S. (2010). Overhaul: An Insider's Account of the Obama Administration's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Sahebinejad, M., Mohammadi, M., Soltani, A. M., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2024). Comparative Study of Knowledge, Innovation, and Business Ecosystems: A Policy-Oriented Approach. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 10(4), 155-172. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2024.99832. [In Persian]

Sarzaiem, A. (2022). An institutional approach to analyzing inefficiency in the performance of Iran's economy. State Studies, 8(31), 145-165. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22054/tssq.2022.70365.133. [In Persian]

Schlomach, B., Slivinski, S., & Hohman, J. (2019). Multilateral Disarmament: A State Compact to End Corporate Welfare. Midland, Michigan: The Mackinac Center for Public Policy and 1889 Institute. Retrieved from https://www.mackinac.org/S2019-04.

Slivinski, S. (2007). The Corporate Welfare State: How the Federal Government Subsidizes U.S. Businesses. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa592.pdf.

Statements by the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in a Meeting with Producers and Private Sector Economic Activists. (2025). Retrieved from https://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=59052. [In Persian]

Tahmasebi, S., Taghi Molaie, M., Shojaat, I., & Mortazavi, S. A. (2025). Evaluation of the Government's Industrial Policies Regarding Decentralization in Iran Khodro. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 11(1), 134-152. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2025.101196. [In Persian]

Travis, F., & Loucks, J. (2025). The Budgetary Cost of the Inflation Reduction Act’s Energy Subsidies: IRA Energy Tax Credits Could Cost $4.7 Trillion by 2050. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/budgetary-cost-inflation-reduction-acts-energy-subsidies.