واکاوی ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول در نظریه پولِ اعتباری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

چکیده

دو نظریه در ادبیات اقتصادی دربارة ریشه‌های پیدایش پول غالب شده است. در نظریه پول ِکالایی با ارجاع به گذشتة فرضی، پول کالایی با نقدشوندگی بالاتر نسبت به دیگر کالاها است که به‌صورت خود به خودی در فرایند مبادلة کالا به کالا سر درآورده است، اما در نظریه پول ِاعتباری ازآنجایی‌که پول ماهیتاً یک معیار سنجش ارزش انتزاعی و رابطة بدهکاری-بستانکاری تعریف می‌شود، تاریخ پیدایش پول با تاریخ ابداع خط همزمان می‌شود. اسناد تاریخی نشان می‌دهد که منشأ روابط بدهکاری - بستانکاری به ابتدایی‌ترین نیاز بشر به واحد سنجش ارزش، یعنی خون‌بها می‌رسد. با این حال استانداردسازی معیار سنجش ارزش نیازمند یک نهاد مرکزی است. نظریة پول اعتباری با شواهد تاریخی نشان می‌دهد که اولین پول‌های حسابی استاندارد شده‌ در تمدن‌های ابتدایی مصر، بین‌النهرین و یونان باستان به دلیل نیاز ثبت حسابداریِ پرداختی و دریافتی‌های نهاد مرکزی (دولت - معبد) پدیدار شدند. هنگامی‌که واحد حسابداری عمومی حاصل شود، اعتبارات و بدهی‌ها می‌توانند در واحدهای پولی نامیده شوند و بدین ترتیب می‌توان به ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول دست یافت. در این مقاله تلاش شده است با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و با مطالعه اسناد کتابخانه‌ای، ضمن ارائه نقدهایی به روایت نظریه پول کالایی (اقتصاد تهاتری) در سه حوزۀ روش‌‌شناسی، منطقی و تاریخی، به واکاوی ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول از دیدگاه نظریه پول ِاعتباری پرداخته ‌شود.
طبقه‎بندی JEL:
E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing The Origins of Money In Credit Theory of Money

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Moghiseh
  • Abbas Shakeri
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Two theories have prevailed in the economic literature about the origins of money. According to the commodity theory of money, money has spontaneously emerged from the barter economy. In credit theory of money, since money is defined as an abstract unit of measurement, the origin of money coincides with the origin of writing. Credit money theory shows that the first standardized money of account emerged from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece due to the need for accounting records of payments and receipts of the central institution (government-temple). Once the general unit of account is established, credits and liabilities can be called in monetary units, thus we can reach the historical origins of money. This paper uses analytical-descriptive and documentary research methods to explain the incorrect reasons of the commodity theory of money. Eventually, the origin of money is expressed from the point of view of the credit theory of money.
JEL Classification: E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • barter economy
  • commodity theory of money
  • credit theory of money
  • money
  • the origin of money

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 23 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 09 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 25 مرداد 1402

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