واکاوی ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول در نظریه پولِ اعتباری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

چکیده

دو نظریه در ادبیات اقتصادی دربارة ریشه‌های پیدایش پول غالب شده است. در نظریه پول ِکالایی با ارجاع به گذشتة فرضی، پول کالایی با نقدشوندگی بالاتر نسبت به دیگر کالاها است که به‌صورت خود به خودی در فرایند مبادلة کالا به کالا سر درآورده است، اما در نظریه پول ِاعتباری ازآنجایی‌که پول ماهیتاً یک معیار سنجش ارزش انتزاعی و رابطة بدهکاری-بستانکاری تعریف می‌شود، تاریخ پیدایش پول با تاریخ ابداع خط همزمان می‌شود. اسناد تاریخی نشان می‌دهد که منشأ روابط بدهکاری - بستانکاری به ابتدایی‌ترین نیاز بشر به واحد سنجش ارزش، یعنی خون‌بها می‌رسد. با این حال استانداردسازی معیار سنجش ارزش نیازمند یک نهاد مرکزی است. نظریة پول اعتباری با شواهد تاریخی نشان می‌دهد که اولین پول‌های حسابی استاندارد شده‌ در تمدن‌های ابتدایی مصر، بین‌النهرین و یونان باستان به دلیل نیاز ثبت حسابداریِ پرداختی و دریافتی‌های نهاد مرکزی (دولت - معبد) پدیدار شدند. هنگامی‌که واحد حسابداری عمومی حاصل شود، اعتبارات و بدهی‌ها می‌توانند در واحدهای پولی نامیده شوند و بدین ترتیب می‌توان به ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول دست یافت. در این مقاله تلاش شده است با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و با مطالعه اسناد کتابخانه‌ای، ضمن ارائه نقدهایی به روایت نظریه پول کالایی (اقتصاد تهاتری) در سه حوزۀ روش‌‌شناسی، منطقی و تاریخی، به واکاوی ریشه‌های تاریخی پیدایش پول از دیدگاه نظریه پول ِاعتباری پرداخته ‌شود.
طبقهبندی JEL:
E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing The Origins of Money In Credit Theory of Money

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Moghiseh
  • Abbas Shakeri
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Two theories have prevailed in the economic literature about the origins of money. According to the commodity theory of money, money has spontaneously emerged from the barter economy. In credit theory of money, since money is defined as an abstract unit of measurement, the origin of money coincides with the origin of writing. Credit money theory shows that the first standardized money of account emerged from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece due to the need for accounting records of payments and receipts of the central institution (government-temple). Once the general unit of account is established, credits and liabilities can be called in monetary units, thus we can reach the historical origins of money. This paper uses analytical-descriptive and documentary research methods to explain the incorrect reasons of the commodity theory of money. Eventually, the origin of money is expressed from the point of view of the credit theory of money.
JEL Classification: E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • barter economy
  • commodity theory of money
  • credit theory of money
  • money
  • the origin of money
  1. Bleiberg, E. (1996). The official gift in ancient Egypt. University of Oklahoma Press.
  2. Borio, Claudio E.V. (2019). On Money, Debt, Trust and Central Banking. Bank for International Settlements, Working Paper Series, No 763.
  3. Bossone, B. (1999). What makes banks special? a study of banking, finance, and economic development. The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No
  4. (2017). The Role of Banks, Non-Banks and the Central Bank in the Money Creation Process. Monthly Report, 69(4), 13-34.
  5. (2017). The Origin of Money – Part II: Book Money. The European Central Bank website.
  6. Dalton, G. (1982). Barter. Journal of Economic Issues, 16(1), 181-190.
  7. Davies, G. (2002). History of money. University of Wales Press.
  8. Desmonde, W. H. (1962). Magic, myth, and money: The origin of money in religious ritual. Literary Licensing Publishing.
  9. Einzig, P. (1966). Primitive Money in its Ethnological, Historical and Economic Aspects. Pergamon Press.
  10. Garzón Espinosa, E. (2019). The origin of money from the money-debt approach. Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 6(1), 37-54.
  11. Goodhart, C. A. (1998). The two concepts of money: implications for the analysis of optimal currency areas. European Journal of Political Economy, 14(3), 407-432.
  12. Graeber, D. (2012). Debt: The first 5000 years. Penguin Publishing.
  13. Gregory, T. E. (1933). Money. In Encyclopedia of social sciences. E. R. A. Seligman, ed. vol. 10, 601-613.
  14. Grierson, P. (1977). The origins of money. The Athlone Press, University of London.
  15. Gross, M., & Siebenbrunner, C. (2019). Money Creation in Fiat and Digital Currency Systems. International Monetary Fund, Working Paper Series, No. 285.
  16. Hart, K. (2005). Money: One Anthropologist's View. In G. Carrier (Ed.), Handbook of Economic Anthropology (pp. 160-175). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  17. Henry, J. F. (2004). The social origins of money: The case of Egypt. In R. Wray (Ed.), Credit and state theories of money: the contributions of A. Mitchell Innes (pp. 79-98). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  18. Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2001). How economics forgot history: The problem of historical specificity in social science. Routledge.
  19. Hudson, M. (2004). The archaeology of money: debt versus barter theories of money’s origins. In R. Wray (Ed.), Credit and state theories of money: the contributions of A. Mitchell Innes (pp. 99-127). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  20. Hudson, M. (2012). The Historical Evolution of Money and Debt. Modern Money Network website.
  21. Humphrey, C. (1985). Barter and economic disintegration. Man, 20(1), 48-72.
  22. Ingham, G. (2000). Babylonian madness: on the historical and sociological origins of money. In J. Smithin (Ed.), What is money? (pp. 16-41). Routledge.
  23. Ingham, Geoffrey. (2004). The nature of money. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  24. Innes, A. M. (1913). What is Money?. In R. Wray (Ed.), Credit and state theories of money: the contributions of A. Mitchell Innes (pp. 14-49). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  25. Jakab, Z., & Kumhof, M. (2015). Banks are not intermediaries of loanable funds–and why this matters. Bank of England, Working Paper Series, No 529.
  26. Keynes, J. M. (1930). Treatise on money: Pure theory of money. Vol. I, Macmillan, London.
  27. Keynes, J.M. (1933). The monetary theory of production. In The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 13, London and Basingstoke, Macmillan, pp. 408–411.
  28. Kim, H. S. (2001). Archaic coinage as evidence for the use of money.  In A. Meadows & K. Shipton (Ed.), Money and its uses in the Ancient Greek World (pp. 7-22).Oxford University Press.
  29. Knapp, F ([1905] 1973). The State Theory of Money. Clifton NY: Agustus M Kelley.
  30. Kurke, L. (1999). Coins, bodies, games, and gold: the politics of meaning in archaic Greece. Princeton University Press.
  31. Lau, J., & Smithin, J. (2002). The role of money in capitalism. International Journal of Political Economy, 32, 5-22.
  32. Laughlin, J. L. (1903). The principles of money. London: Murray.
  33. Law, J. (1966). Money and Trade Considered, with a proposal for supplying the Nation with money. NY: A.M. Kelley.
  34. McLeay, M., Radia, A., & Thomas, R. (2014). Money creation in the modern economy. Bank of England, Quarterly Bulletin, Q1.
  35. Menger, K. (1871). Principles of Economics. Mises Institute.
  36. Peacock, M. S. (2003). State, money, catallaxy: underlaboring for a chartalist theory of money. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 26(2), 205-225.
  37. Polanyi, Karl. ([1944] 2001). The Great transformation: The political and economic origins of our Time. Beacon Press.
  38. Polanyi, Karl. (1957). The Semantics of Money-Uses. Reprinted in Primitive, Archaic and Modern Econmies (Dalton, G. ed.), 175-203. Beacon Press.
  39. Rothbard, M. N. (1990). What Has Government Done to Our Money? Mises Institute.
  40. Samuelson, Paul. (1973). Economics. 9th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  41. Schumpeter, J. (1954). History of Economic Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  42. Searle, J.R. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. Simon and Schuster.
  43. Semenova, A. (2011). The origins of money: Evaluating Chartalist and Metallist theories in the context of ancient Greece and Mesopotamia. Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Kansas City.
  44. Semenova, A., & Wray, L. R. (2015). The rise of money and class society. Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper Series, No 832.
  45. Skidelsky, R. (2018). Money and government: The past and future of economics. Yale University Press.
  46. Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Clarendon Press.
  47. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Towards a general theory of deep downturns. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, No 21444.
  48. Tymoigne, E., & Wray, L. R. (2005). Money: An Alternative Story. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, No 45.
  49. Wray, L. R. (1998). Is keynesianism institutionalist? An irreverent overview of the history of money from the beginning of the beginning to the present. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, No 257.
  50. Wray, L. R. (2006). Banking, finance and money: a social economics approach. In The Elgar Companion to Social Economics, Second Edition. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  51. Wray, L. R. (2012). Introduction to an alternative history of money. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, No
  52. Wray, L. R. (2014). From the state theory of money to modern money theory: An alternative to economic orthodoxy. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, No 792.
  53. Wray, L. R. (2015). Modern money theory: A primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Springer.
  54. Wray, L. R. (2004). Credit and state theories of money: the contributions of A. Mitchell Innes. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  55. Wray, L. R (2000). Modern money. In J. Smithin (Ed.), What is money? (pp. 42-66). Routledge.
  56. Wray, L. R. (1998). Understanding modern money: The key to full employment and price. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  57. Zarlenga, S. (2002). The Lost Science of Money: the mythology of money, the story of power. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.