نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آیت الله بروجردی ، بروجرد، ایران،
2 استادیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آیت الله بروجردی، بروجرد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Poverty has different dimensions and multiple variables have effect on types of poverty. But in recent decades holistic look has changed to detailed and targeted poverty. Also, due to the severity of degradation and evacuation of the environment, in the transitional stages of countries to development, evaluation of environmental variables impacts such as water on poverty have been considered. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of groundwater resources extraction on absolute poverty in Iran's rural areas during 1985-2015, using the Markov switching specification and the determination of two absolute poverty schemes. The results showed that rural poverty in Iran's economy has two low and high poverty regimes. Low poverty regime tends to be more sustainable than high poverty regime. Also, the extraction of underground water resources in the high rural poverty regime has a nonlinear and threshold effect on the absolute rural poverty index. In other words, as long as the index is less than 74.46, its increase has been able to reduce rural poverty. But after increasing the extraction of groundwater resources and crossing the above threshold, increasing the extraction of underground water resources will increase the rural absolute poverty. These results indicate that groundwater resources should be exploited based on an optimal long-term extraction pathway in order to achieve sustainable development. In this way, it is suggested that the quality of water governance and access to water resources be implemented in the form of a comprehensive water resources management system in absolute poverty stress areas, in order to prevent environmental poverty in rural areas.
JEL Classification: L95, Q25, N57, P28, I32.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
بانک مرکزی ایران. (۱۳۹۷). نماگرهای اقتصادی.
جلیلی کامجو، سید پرویز (1395). کاربرد تئوری طراحی مکانیسم و تئوری تطبیق در طراحی بازار آب در حوزه آب‌ریز زاینده‌رود با رویکرد نهادی، مجله علمی- پژوهشی اقتصاد و الگوسازی شهید بهشتی، 7(26): 121- 158.
جلیلی کامجو، سید پرویز (1397). ارزیابی ارزش اقتصادی استخراج منابع آب زیرزمینی توسط کشاورزان در دشت همدان- بهار، دو فصلنامه پژوهشهای محیط زیست، پذیرفته شده.
جلیلی کامجو، سید پرویز و خوش‌اخلاق، رحمان (1395). استفاده از نظریه بازی‌ها در تخصیص بهینه آب در زاینده‌رود، مجله علمی- پژوهشی مطالعات اقتصاد کاربردی ایران، 5(18): 1-29.
خوچیانی رامین و جلیلی کامجو، سید پرویز (۱۳۹۸). ارزیابی علیت کرنلی بین استخراج منابع آب زیرزمینی و رشد تولید: کاربرد مدل رگرسیون ناپارامتریک نادارایا – واتسون، دو فصلنامه مهندسی آب و آبیاری، در نوبت چاپ تابستان ۱۳۹۸.
فارسانی، الهه و نوری‌پرور، مهدی (۱۳۹۵). بررسی رابطه فقر روستایی و تخریب مراتع بخش مرکزی شهرستان فارسان، پژوهشهای راهبردی امنیت و نظم اجتماعی، (۱۵): ۶۹-۷۸.
قرنی‌آرانی، بهروز (۱۳۹۳). بررسی نقش برنامه‌ریزی مشارکتی در کاهش فقر روستایی به روش کیفی، مطالععه موردی روستای لزور، پژوهشهای روستایی، ۵(۳): ۴۶۷-۴۸۸.
مرکز آمار ایران (۱۳۹۷). نتایج تفصیلی سرشماری عمومی کشاورزی کل کشور.
هندی‌زاده، هنگامه، کرباسی، علیرضا و محمدزاده، حسین (۱۳۹۷). تحلیل فضایی عوامل اثرگذار بر فقر روستایی و ارتباط آن با تخریب محیط زیست، مورد شهرستان قائناتُ فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، ۷ (۱: پیاپی ۲۳): ۱۳۱-۱۴۸.
10. Alasdair, C., & Caroline A. S. (2010). Water and poverty in rural China: Developing an instrument to assess the multiple dimensions of water and poverty, Ecological Economics 69: 999–1009.
11. Asian Development Bank (2003b). Poverty and Water Security: Fighting Poverty through Water Management. ADB, Manila.
12. Bhattarai, M., & Narayanamoorthy, A. (2003). Impact of irrigation on rural poverty in India: an aggregate panel-data analysis. Water Policy 5, 443–458.
13. Bourguignon, F., & Chakravarty, S. R. (2003). The measurement of multidimensional poverty. Journal of Economic Inequality 1, 25–49.
14. Brown, F.L., Ingram, H. (1987). Water and Poverty in the Southwest. University of Arizona, Tucson.
15. Carter, M.R., Little, P.D., Mogues, T., & Negatu, W. (2007). Poverty traps and natural disasters in Ethiopia and Honduras. Food Policy 35, 835–856.
16. Cleveringa, R., Kay, M., & Cohen, A. (2009). InnoWat: Water, innovations, learning and rural livelihoods. IFAD, Rome.
17. Cremers, L., Ooijevaar, M., & Boelens, R. (2005). Institutional reform in the Andean irrigation sector: enabling policies for strengthening local rights and water management. Natural Resources Forum 29 (1), 37–50.
18. Datt, G., & Ravallion, M. (1998). Farm productivity and rural poverty in India. The Journal of Development Studies 34, 62–85.
19. Hanjra, M., Ferede, F., & Gutta, G. (2009). Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets, Agricultural Water Management 96:1596–1604.
20. Hanjra, M., Ferede, T., & Gutta, D.G. (2009). Reducing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa through investments in water and other priorities. Agricultural Water Management 96, 062–1070.
21. Hansen, E. (1992). The Likelihood Ratio Test under Nonstandard Conditions: Testing the Markov switching Model of GNP. Applied Econometrics, 7(1), 61-82.
22. Huang, Q., Dawe, D., Rozelle, S., Huang, J., & Wang, J. (2005). Irrigation, poverty and inequality in rural China. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 49, 159–175.
23. Hussain, I. (2005). Pro-poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigation Agriculture in Asia: Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture—Issues, Lessons, Options and Guidelines. International Water Management Institute and Asian Development Bank, Colombo.
24. Hussain, I., & Hanjra, M.A. (2003). Does irrigation water matter for rural poverty alleviation? Evidence from South and South-East Asia. Water Policy 5, 429–442.
25. Hussain, I., & Hanjra, M.A. (2004). Irrigation and poverty alleviation: review of the empirical evidence. Irrigation and Drainage 53, 1–15.
26. James, L., Wescoat, J., Lisa, H. & Rebecca, T. (2007). Water and poverty in the United States, journal of Geoforum 38: 801–814.
27. Kanakoudis, V., Papadopoulou, A., Tsitsifli, S., Altran, E., Cencur Curk, B., Karleusa, B., Matic, B., & Banovec, P. (2015). Drinkadria project: from an idea to policy recommendation – A common approach development, towards water resources management and supply, across Adriatic Sea countries, Proceedings of the 9th EWRA World Congress, Water Resources Management in a Changing World: Challenges and Opportunities, Istanbul, Turkey, 10-13/6.
28. Kanakoudis,V., Tsitsifli, S., Papadopoulou, A., Cencur, B., & Karleusa, B. (2016). Estimating the Water Resources Vulnerability Index in the Adriatic Sea Region. Journal of Procedia Engineering. 162: 476-485.
29. Lipton, M., Litchfield, J., & Faures, J.M. (2003). The effects of irrigation on poverty: a framework for analysis. Water Policy 5, 413–427.
30. Merrey, D.J., Meinzen-Dick, R., Mollinga, P., & Karar, E. (2007). Policy and institutional reform: The art of the possible. In: Molden, David (Ed.), Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan/International Water Management Institute, London/Colombo.
31. Mesgaran, M., Madani, K., Hashemi, H., & Azadi, P. (2017). Iran’s Land Suitability for Agriculture, Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 7670.
32. Molden, D., Frenken, K., Barker, R., De Fraiture, C., Mati, B., Svendsen, M., Sadoff, C., & Finlayson, C.M. (2007). Trends in water and agricultural development. In: Molden, D. (Ed.), Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan/International Water Management Institute, London/Colombo.
33. Namara, R., Hanjra, M., Castillo, G., Ravnborg, H., Smith, L., & Koppen, B. (2010). Agricultural water management and poverty linkages, Agricultural Water Management 97:520–527.
34. Saleth, M.R., Samad, M., Molden, D., & Hussain, I. (2003). Water, poverty and gender: a review of issues and policies. Water Policy 5, 385–398.
35. Sekhry, S. (2014) Wells, Water, and Welfare: The Impact of Access to Groundwater on Rural Poverty and Conflict. Am Econ J Appl Econ 6(3):76-102.
36. Sen, A. (2000). Development as Freedom. Anchor Books, New York
37. Sen, A. (1984). Rights and capabilities. In: Sen, A. (Ed.), Resources, Values and Development. Blackwell, Basil, pp. 307–324.
38. Shah, T. (2001). Wells and welfare in the Ganga basin: public policy and private initiative in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Research Report 54. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
39. Sullivan, C. (2002). Calculating a Water Poverty Index. World Development 30, 1195–1210.
40. Sullivan, C., Meigh, J., & Fediw, T. (2002). Derivation and testing of the Water Poverty Index phase 1: Final report May 2002, Volume 2 — Technical appendices I. Wallingford, UK, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
41. Sullivan, C.A., & Meigh, J. (2007). Integration of the biophysical and social sciences using an indicator approach: addressing water problems at different scales. Water Resources Management 21, 111–128.
42. The United Nations World Water Development Report. (2015). Water for a sustainable world, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/ 0023/002318/ 231823E.pdf; 3-4.
43. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3. (2009). Water in a Changing World. Paris and London, UNESCO and Earthscan
44. Upadhyay, B. (2003). Water, poverty and gender: review of evidences from Nepal, India and South Africa. Water Policy, 5(5-6):503-511.
45. Upadhyay, B., & Samad, M. (2004). Livelihoods and gender roles in drip-irrigation technology: a case of Nepal. Working Paper 87. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
46. World Bank Group (2016). High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank.
47. World Bank (2005). Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agricultural Water Management. The World Bank, Washington, DC.
)